In December 1803, Morris responded to a request from his nephew, Lewis R. Morris (1760-1825), a representative from Vermont, to provide his views on constitutional amendments in general and, in particular, the amendment to change presidential voting from the arrangement that had led to the problematic election of 1800 - the deadlock between Jefferson and Burr -- to one which would provide separate voting in the Electoral College for president and vice-president. The letter is an interesting one because it combines Morris's personal views on the Constitution and the Bill of Rights (something he had not endorsed) and his analysis of the Republican effort, in his view, to subvert it, with purely political suggestions geared to a man representing one of the small states - Vermont - and how to get his constituents to oppose the amendment as inimical to their interests. Morris, it will be remembered, was a principal advocate at the Convention of the view that the Constitution was made by the people of the United States, not the individual states, and opposed giving the small states equal representation in the Senate, most particularly as an improper trade-off for increased House representation for the South based on their slave population. However, in providing political strategy for his nephew, he suggested taking the opposite tack, to demonstrate to them that the amendment would undo the protections they had demanded and received in the document.
It is important to keep this in mind in reading the letter, which could otherwise seem a gross inconsistency in Morris's constitutional convictions; but if one separates out his outrage over Republican actions and the practical purpose of his suggestions to Lewis Morris, his core constitutional views are evident and unchanged. He was dismayed by Jefferson's actions as President and as leader of the Republican Congress, and believed that they had utilized the Constitution's compromises and would use the proposed amendment to further cement their control of the government. He excoriated their hypocrisy in extolling the Bill of Rights which, in his view, they were currently violating with impunity, Many of his comments resonate today.
The letter:
Lewis R. Morris Esqr. Morrisania
10 Decr. 1803
Springfield
Vermont
My dear Sir
Yours of
the 30 Novr. reached me last Evening. I am so much occupied that I
must steal Time to make a hasty Reply. If I were to defend the Constitution
against the present Attack in Vermont, under the Circumstances which you
mention, I think I should make some general Observations on the Danger of
frequent Change in an Instrument of that Sort. These must lessen the Reverence
for it essential to that prompt Compliance with it's Injunctions witht.
which we cannot enjoy a mild and free Governmt. I should then
proceed to state that if Changes are at any Time necessary they should not take
Place till after mature Examination, lest we should not foresee Mischiefs
resulting from them which may exceed those it is intended to remedy. That we
ought most particularly to be cautious not to make any Change when our Minds
are heated by the Provocation of a particular Circumstance, because the
Suffering of the Moment always appears greater than it really is while remote
Evils appear smaller than they ought. That the Constitution was a Compact, not
between solitary Individuals, but between political Societies, the People, not
of America, but of the United States, each enjoying Sovereign Power and of
Course equal Rights. That if in the new Legislature, as in the old Congress,
each had been equally represented and each preserved an equal Vote, the
Sacrifice of Rights would have been equal. But when it was admitted that in the
national Legislature the Representatives should be apportioned according to the
Number of Citizens, the Sacrifice of Rights was great, in Proportion as the
States were small. Thus Delaware which had but one Representative out of sixty
five, retained only one sixty fifth Part of the national Authority; and
Virginia which had ten Representatives, obtained two thirteenths. Wherefore
since each had previously enjoyed one thirteenth, Delaware lost four fifths of
it's Power and that of Virginia was doubled: so that Delaware compared to
Virginia was reduced (under the new Establishment) from Equality to one tenth.
It was moreover evident that the Course of Population would daily encrease this
decided Superiority of the Great States. That of Course if the whole Power of
the Union had been expressly vested in the House of Representatives the
smaller States would never have adopted the Constitution. But in the Senate
they retained an equal Representation, and to the Senate was given a
considerable Share of those Powers exercised by the old Congress. One important
Point however, that of making War, was divided between the Senate and House of
Representatives. That the legislative Authority being thus disposed of, in a
Manner which appeared reasonable, Care was taken to preserve to the Senate a
feeble Share of the antient executive Power of Congress by their Negative on
the Appointments to Office. That it was however certain the President and Vice
President would be taken from the larger States unless the smaller had some
Proportion of their original Right preserved, and therefore the Number of
Electors is compounded of the Number of Senators, who represent States, and of
the Number of Members who represent the People. Still however the Chance was,
from the Superiority of Numbers, so greatly in Favor of the large States, that
a further Right was reserved to the smaller ones by the particular Mode of
Election. The Necessity of Voting for two Persons, as President, one of which
should not be of the State voting, and the Right of chusing a President out of
the five highest on the List where no absolute Choice was made by the Electors,
is perhaps the most valuable Provision in favor of the Small States which can
be found in the Constitution. By the former, the Chance of an absolute Choice
is greatly diminished, and by the latter, the Decision among five Candidates is
preserved to the States in their political Capacity. It will of Course be,
under such Circumstances, always in the Power of the smaller States to judge of
the personal Character of the Parties presented for a Choice, and tho Natives
and Citizens of large States one of them may possess such Attachment to the
Country at large and such Sense of Justice that from his Administration there
would be no Danger of Encroachment on their political Rights. That the
Constitution having thus secured to the smaller States a Part of the Rights
they had precedently enjoyed; in Consideration of other Part[1]
which they were called on to sacrifice, was for that Reason odious to the Great
States of Virginia and New York. They, as is well known, strenuously oppos'd
the Adoption of it: or at least a very large Party in each State who preferred
the old Constitution or what is equivalent no Constitution at all. That the
Party who opposed the Constitution in those States is now possessed of all
Power under it, and tho they cannot at once break the Constitution, are still
actuated by the same Principle and are steadily pursuing their Object which is
to mould it by Degrees into such a Form as that all Power shall be
substantially vested in the large States. That in Consequence of this Plan the
Independance[2]
of the Judiciary has been impaired, because the Judges would it was foreseen
resist Assaults on the Constitution by Acts of Legislation. That more
effectually to rob the smaller States of their Rights, it became necessary to
render their Citizens Accomplices in the Conspiracy. That for this Purpose the
plausible Doctrine has been preached that Men have equal Rights, and of Course
that Inequality is Usurpation; that all Authority resides in the People, and
that a Pretence in any one Set or Society of Men to greater Privileges than
those enjoyed by others is contrary to the first Principles of Equality, and of
Course that an equal Representation in the Senate, of political Societies
unequal in Number, is in direct Contradiction to those Maxims of free and equal
Government according to which the United States have been originally
constituted. That the Sincerity of the Virginia Apostles of this Doctrine can
best be known by travelling thro their Country and seeing a thousand Slaves
tremble under the Lash of a Tyrant who insists, in our national Councils, on
the native inalienable Rights of Man not only to enjoy civil Liberty but to
participate equally in every political Privilege. That the present Amendment is
a direct Consequence of that false Doctrine, which seeks the Attainment of Power
under the humble Pretext of Equality. That to designate the Person voted
for as President, must of Necessity lessen the Chance of an Election by the
House of Representatives, and is declaredly intended for that Purpose. The
specific Object of it is that the Choice of the People, that is to say of the Great
States who contain a Majority of the People may not be defeated by the
House of Representatives that is to say by the small States who have on such Occasions an equal Vote in
the House. That the necessary Consequence of Measures grounded on that specious
Principle must be an eventual Subjection of the Union to Virginia and New York.
These States urge the present Amendment for the Purpose of dividing between
them, at the next Election, the two first Offices of the Union. That during the
Administration of Mr. Adams, Virginia was almost in open Revolt agt.
the national Authority, merely because a Yankee & not a Virginian was
President.of That the Proof of this important Fact is derived from
reviewing late Events. We shall find that not one of the Pretexts used to
overturn what was called the federal Administration has served as a Principle
for the Guidance of what is called the republican Administration. There is no
Reduction of Taxes, except such as bore exclusively on the Rich. There is no
Diminution of Salaries. The discretionary Power of the Administration over the
national Treasure has been enormously encreased. Tho the national Revenue, from
the Wealth accumulated by national Industry has rapidly advanced the national
Debt has been made to advance still more rapidly by the improvident Purchase of
a World to share in our national Authority. In fine, Maxims are assum'd from
the british Constitution, and Laws are passed in Conformity, which give to a
Virginia President Royal Power. From all which it follows, not by mere
Inference but by downright Demonstration, that the Leaders of what is called
the Republican Party are not dissatisfied because the Power of the Government
was too great, but because it was not in their Hands. That their Attachment to
the Constitution was pretended that they might the better mould it to their
Purpose. That the false Principles which they have dignified with the Name of
Republican, Principles hostile to all Government and immediately fatal to all
Republican Government, were only assumed in Order to lead honest Men by slow
but sure Degrees to abjure the Principles of our Constitution, and
cooperate in their own Subjugation to the Aristocracies of Virginia and New
York. I should conclude by an Appeal to the Reason the Recollection and the
Feelings of my Audience and insist that by paying our Share of 15 000 000 for
the exclusive Benefit of the Southern States, we had given sufficient Evidence
of Submission to our Masters without agreeing to perpetuate their Power
and our own Humiliation.
